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+# dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS
+# file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+pg8000
+ :name: pg8000
+ :dbapi: pg8000
+ :connectstring: postgresql+pg8000://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+ :url: https://pypi.org/project/pg8000/
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4 The pg8000 dialect has been updated for version
+ 1.16.6 and higher, and is again part of SQLAlchemy's continuous integration
+ with full feature support.
+
+.. _pg8000_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+pg8000 will encode / decode string values between it and the server using the
+PostgreSQL ``client_encoding`` parameter; by default this is the value in
+the ``postgresql.conf`` file, which often defaults to ``SQL_ASCII``.
+Typically, this can be changed to ``utf-8``, as a more useful default::
+
+ #client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database
+ # encoding
+ client_encoding = utf8
+
+The ``client_encoding`` can be overridden for a session by executing the SQL:
+
+SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'utf8';
+
+SQLAlchemy will execute this SQL on all new connections based on the value
+passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine` using the ``client_encoding`` parameter::
+
+ engine = create_engine(
+ "postgresql+pg8000://user:pass@host/dbname", client_encoding='utf8')
+
+.. _pg8000_ssl:
+
+SSL Connections
+---------------
+
+pg8000 accepts a Python ``SSLContext`` object which may be specified using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary::
+
+ import ssl
+ ssl_context = ssl.create_default_context()
+ engine = sa.create_engine(
+ "postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@192.168.0.199/test",
+ connect_args={"ssl_context": ssl_context},
+ )
+
+If the server uses an automatically-generated certificate that is self-signed
+or does not match the host name (as seen from the client), it may also be
+necessary to disable hostname checking::
+
+ import ssl
+ ssl_context = ssl.create_default_context()
+ ssl_context.check_hostname = False
+ ssl_context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+ engine = sa.create_engine(
+ "postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@192.168.0.199/test",
+ connect_args={"ssl_context": ssl_context},
+ )
+
+.. _pg8000_isolation_level:
+
+pg8000 Transaction Isolation Level
+-------------------------------------
+
+The pg8000 dialect offers the same isolation level settings as that
+of the :ref:`psycopg2 <psycopg2_isolation_level>` dialect:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. seealso::
+
+ :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+ :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+
+""" # noqa
+import decimal
+import re
+
+from . import ranges
+from .array import ARRAY as PGARRAY
+from .base import _DECIMAL_TYPES
+from .base import _FLOAT_TYPES
+from .base import _INT_TYPES
+from .base import ENUM
+from .base import INTERVAL
+from .base import PGCompiler
+from .base import PGDialect
+from .base import PGExecutionContext
+from .base import PGIdentifierPreparer
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONB
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from .pg_catalog import _SpaceVector
+from .pg_catalog import OIDVECTOR
+from .types import CITEXT
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import processors
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql.elements import quoted_name
+
+
+class _PGString(sqltypes.String):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+ def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+ if self.asdecimal:
+ if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+ return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+ decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+ )
+ elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+ # pg8000 returns Decimal natively for 1700
+ return None
+ else:
+ raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+ "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+ )
+ else:
+ if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+ # pg8000 returns float natively for 701
+ return None
+ elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+ return processors.to_float
+ else:
+ raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+ "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+ )
+
+
+class _PGFloat(_PGNumeric, sqltypes.Float):
+ __visit_name__ = "float"
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNumericNoBind(_PGNumeric):
+ def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+ return None
+
+
+class _PGJSON(JSON):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+ def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+ return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONB(JSONB):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+ def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+ return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+ def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+ raise NotImplementedError("should not be here")
+
+
+class _PGJSONIntIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType):
+ __visit_name__ = "json_int_index"
+
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSONStrIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType):
+ __visit_name__ = "json_str_index"
+
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSONPathType(JSONPathType):
+ pass
+
+ # DBAPI type 1009
+
+
+class _PGEnum(ENUM):
+ def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+ return dbapi.UNKNOWN
+
+
+class _PGInterval(INTERVAL):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+ def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+ return dbapi.INTERVAL
+
+ @classmethod
+ def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, interval, **kw):
+ return _PGInterval(precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+
+class _PGTimeStamp(sqltypes.DateTime):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGDate(sqltypes.Date):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGTime(sqltypes.Time):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGSmallInteger(sqltypes.SmallInteger):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNullType(sqltypes.NullType):
+ pass
+
+
+class _PGBigInteger(sqltypes.BigInteger):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGARRAY(PGARRAY):
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGOIDVECTOR(_SpaceVector, OIDVECTOR):
+ pass
+
+
+class _Pg8000Range(ranges.AbstractSingleRangeImpl):
+ def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+ pg8000_Range = dialect.dbapi.Range
+
+ def to_range(value):
+ if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+ value = pg8000_Range(
+ value.lower, value.upper, value.bounds, value.empty
+ )
+ return value
+
+ return to_range
+
+ def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+ def to_range(value):
+ if value is not None:
+ value = ranges.Range(
+ value.lower,
+ value.upper,
+ bounds=value.bounds,
+ empty=value.is_empty,
+ )
+ return value
+
+ return to_range
+
+
+class _Pg8000MultiRange(ranges.AbstractMultiRangeImpl):
+ def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+ pg8000_Range = dialect.dbapi.Range
+
+ def to_multirange(value):
+ if isinstance(value, list):
+ mr = []
+ for v in value:
+ if isinstance(v, ranges.Range):
+ mr.append(
+ pg8000_Range(v.lower, v.upper, v.bounds, v.empty)
+ )
+ else:
+ mr.append(v)
+ return mr
+ else:
+ return value
+
+ return to_multirange
+
+ def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+ def to_multirange(value):
+ if value is None:
+ return None
+ else:
+ return ranges.MultiRange(
+ ranges.Range(
+ v.lower, v.upper, bounds=v.bounds, empty=v.is_empty
+ )
+ for v in value
+ )
+
+ return to_multirange
+
+
+_server_side_id = util.counter()
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_pg8000(PGExecutionContext):
+ def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+ ident = "c_%s_%s" % (hex(id(self))[2:], hex(_server_side_id())[2:])
+ return ServerSideCursor(self._dbapi_connection.cursor(), ident)
+
+ def pre_exec(self):
+ if not self.compiled:
+ return
+
+
+class ServerSideCursor:
+ server_side = True
+
+ def __init__(self, cursor, ident):
+ self.ident = ident
+ self.cursor = cursor
+
+ @property
+ def connection(self):
+ return self.cursor.connection
+
+ @property
+ def rowcount(self):
+ return self.cursor.rowcount
+
+ @property
+ def description(self):
+ return self.cursor.description
+
+ def execute(self, operation, args=(), stream=None):
+ op = "DECLARE " + self.ident + " NO SCROLL CURSOR FOR " + operation
+ self.cursor.execute(op, args, stream=stream)
+ return self
+
+ def executemany(self, operation, param_sets):
+ self.cursor.executemany(operation, param_sets)
+ return self
+
+ def fetchone(self):
+ self.cursor.execute("FETCH FORWARD 1 FROM " + self.ident)
+ return self.cursor.fetchone()
+
+ def fetchmany(self, num=None):
+ if num is None:
+ return self.fetchall()
+ else:
+ self.cursor.execute(
+ "FETCH FORWARD " + str(int(num)) + " FROM " + self.ident
+ )
+ return self.cursor.fetchall()
+
+ def fetchall(self):
+ self.cursor.execute("FETCH FORWARD ALL FROM " + self.ident)
+ return self.cursor.fetchall()
+
+ def close(self):
+ self.cursor.execute("CLOSE " + self.ident)
+ self.cursor.close()
+
+ def setinputsizes(self, *sizes):
+ self.cursor.setinputsizes(*sizes)
+
+ def setoutputsize(self, size, column=None):
+ pass
+
+
+class PGCompiler_pg8000(PGCompiler):
+ def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+ return (
+ self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+ + " %% "
+ + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+ )
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_pg8000(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+ PGIdentifierPreparer.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+ self._double_percents = False
+
+
+class PGDialect_pg8000(PGDialect):
+ driver = "pg8000"
+ supports_statement_cache = True
+
+ supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+ supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+ default_paramstyle = "format"
+ supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+ execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_pg8000
+ statement_compiler = PGCompiler_pg8000
+ preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_pg8000
+ supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+ render_bind_cast = True
+
+ # reversed as of pg8000 1.16.6. 1.16.5 and lower
+ # are no longer compatible
+ description_encoding = None
+ # description_encoding = "use_encoding"
+
+ colspecs = util.update_copy(
+ PGDialect.colspecs,
+ {
+ sqltypes.String: _PGString,
+ sqltypes.Numeric: _PGNumericNoBind,
+ sqltypes.Float: _PGFloat,
+ sqltypes.JSON: _PGJSON,
+ sqltypes.Boolean: _PGBoolean,
+ sqltypes.NullType: _PGNullType,
+ JSONB: _PGJSONB,
+ CITEXT: CITEXT,
+ sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: _PGJSONPathType,
+ sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: _PGJSONIndexType,
+ sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType: _PGJSONIntIndexType,
+ sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType: _PGJSONStrIndexType,
+ sqltypes.Interval: _PGInterval,
+ INTERVAL: _PGInterval,
+ sqltypes.DateTime: _PGTimeStamp,
+ sqltypes.DateTime: _PGTimeStamp,
+ sqltypes.Date: _PGDate,
+ sqltypes.Time: _PGTime,
+ sqltypes.Integer: _PGInteger,
+ sqltypes.SmallInteger: _PGSmallInteger,
+ sqltypes.BigInteger: _PGBigInteger,
+ sqltypes.Enum: _PGEnum,
+ sqltypes.ARRAY: _PGARRAY,
+ OIDVECTOR: _PGOIDVECTOR,
+ ranges.INT4RANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+ ranges.INT8RANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+ ranges.NUMRANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+ ranges.DATERANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+ ranges.TSRANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+ ranges.TSTZRANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+ ranges.INT4MULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+ ranges.INT8MULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+ ranges.NUMMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+ ranges.DATEMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+ ranges.TSMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+ ranges.TSTZMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+ },
+ )
+
+ def __init__(self, client_encoding=None, **kwargs):
+ PGDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+ self.client_encoding = client_encoding
+
+ if self._dbapi_version < (1, 16, 6):
+ raise NotImplementedError("pg8000 1.16.6 or greater is required")
+
+ if self._native_inet_types:
+ raise NotImplementedError(
+ "The pg8000 dialect does not fully implement "
+ "ipaddress type handling; INET is supported by default, "
+ "CIDR is not"
+ )
+
+ @util.memoized_property
+ def _dbapi_version(self):
+ if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+ return tuple(
+ [
+ int(x)
+ for x in re.findall(
+ r"(\d+)(?:[-\.]?|$)", self.dbapi.__version__
+ )
+ ]
+ )
+ else:
+ return (99, 99, 99)
+
+ @classmethod
+ def import_dbapi(cls):
+ return __import__("pg8000")
+
+ def create_connect_args(self, url):
+ opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+ if "port" in opts:
+ opts["port"] = int(opts["port"])
+ opts.update(url.query)
+ return ([], opts)
+
+ def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+ if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError) and "network error" in str(
+ e
+ ):
+ # new as of pg8000 1.19.0 for broken connections
+ return True
+
+ # connection was closed normally
+ return "connection is closed" in str(e)
+
+ def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+ return (
+ "AUTOCOMMIT",
+ "READ COMMITTED",
+ "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+ "REPEATABLE READ",
+ "SERIALIZABLE",
+ )
+
+ def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+ level = level.replace("_", " ")
+
+ if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+ dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+ else:
+ dbapi_connection.autocommit = False
+ cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+ cursor.execute(
+ "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION "
+ f"ISOLATION LEVEL {level}"
+ )
+ cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+ cursor.close()
+
+ def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+ cursor = connection.cursor()
+ try:
+ cursor.execute(
+ "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION %s"
+ % ("READ ONLY" if value else "READ WRITE")
+ )
+ cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+ finally:
+ cursor.close()
+
+ def get_readonly(self, connection):
+ cursor = connection.cursor()
+ try:
+ cursor.execute("show transaction_read_only")
+ val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+ finally:
+ cursor.close()
+
+ return val == "on"
+
+ def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+ cursor = connection.cursor()
+ try:
+ cursor.execute(
+ "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION %s"
+ % ("DEFERRABLE" if value else "NOT DEFERRABLE")
+ )
+ cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+ finally:
+ cursor.close()
+
+ def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+ cursor = connection.cursor()
+ try:
+ cursor.execute("show transaction_deferrable")
+ val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+ finally:
+ cursor.close()
+
+ return val == "on"
+
+ def _set_client_encoding(self, dbapi_connection, client_encoding):
+ cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+ cursor.execute(
+ f"""SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO '{
+ client_encoding.replace("'", "''")
+ }'"""
+ )
+ cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+ cursor.close()
+
+ def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+ connection.connection.tpc_begin((0, xid, ""))
+
+ def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+ connection.connection.tpc_prepare()
+
+ def do_rollback_twophase(
+ self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+ ):
+ connection.connection.tpc_rollback((0, xid, ""))
+
+ def do_commit_twophase(
+ self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+ ):
+ connection.connection.tpc_commit((0, xid, ""))
+
+ def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+ return [row[1] for row in connection.connection.tpc_recover()]
+
+ def on_connect(self):
+ fns = []
+
+ def on_connect(conn):
+ conn.py_types[quoted_name] = conn.py_types[str]
+
+ fns.append(on_connect)
+
+ if self.client_encoding is not None:
+
+ def on_connect(conn):
+ self._set_client_encoding(conn, self.client_encoding)
+
+ fns.append(on_connect)
+
+ if self._native_inet_types is False:
+
+ def on_connect(conn):
+ # inet
+ conn.register_in_adapter(869, lambda s: s)
+
+ # cidr
+ conn.register_in_adapter(650, lambda s: s)
+
+ fns.append(on_connect)
+
+ if self._json_deserializer:
+
+ def on_connect(conn):
+ # json
+ conn.register_in_adapter(114, self._json_deserializer)
+
+ # jsonb
+ conn.register_in_adapter(3802, self._json_deserializer)
+
+ fns.append(on_connect)
+
+ if len(fns) > 0:
+
+ def on_connect(conn):
+ for fn in fns:
+ fn(conn)
+
+ return on_connect
+ else:
+ return None
+
+ @util.memoized_property
+ def _dialect_specific_select_one(self):
+ return ";"
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_pg8000